From Empire to Republic

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  PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
  PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  PART 1: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1918
  CHAPTER 1
   THE OTTOMAN HERITAGE: DIVERSITY, INDIVIDUALISM AND DECENTRALIZATION
  CHAPTER 2. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND OTTOMAN REFORM,
  1600-1908
  Ottoman Decline
  Traditionalistic Ottoman Reform
  Nineteenth Century European Imperialism
  Modern Ottoman Reform
  Economic Problems
  Christian Nationalism and Christian Terrorism
  Sultan Abdulhamid II, 1876-1909
  The Young Turk Movement
  CHAPTER 3. OTTOMAN SECULARISM AND THE GREAT WAR, 1908-
  19181
  Ottoman Constitutional Democracy, 1908-1912
  The Great War and the Collapse of Ottoman Constitutional Democracy,
  1910-1923
  The Albanian Revolt and the Tripolitanian War, 1910-1911
  The Balkan WTars
  Secular Reforms
  World War I;
  PART 2: THE ALLIED OCCUPATION, 1918-1920
  CHAPTER 4. THE ARMISTICE OF MONDROS
  The Ottoman Military Situation in October 1918
  Ottoman Political Changes and Initial Efforts to Achieve Peace
  The Mondros Armistice Negotiations
  The Original British Proposals-Compared with the Final Mondros
  Treaty
  Aftermath of the Agreement: Triumph and Treachery
  CHAPTER 5. THE OTTOMANS AND THE ALLIED OCCUPATION ....
  The Ottoman Government
  The Allied Representatives
  Istanbul in November 1918
  Allied Administration and Police in Istanbul
  Istanbul Greeks and Armenians during the Occupation
  Politics in Istanbul during the Occupation
  The First Damad Ferid Government
  Parties Supporting Damad Ferid
  Hiirriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi (Liberal Union Party)
  Ingiliz Muhibleri Cemiyeti (Friends of England Society)
  Nigehban-i Askeri Cemiyeti (Society of Army Watchmen)
  Cemiyet-i Miiderrisin (Society of Teachers) and Te'ali-i Islam
  (Society to Advance Islam)
  Ilayi Vatan Cemiyeti (Exhaltation of the Nation Society)
  Tarikat-i Selahiye Cemiyeti/Tarik-i Salah Cemiyeti (Order of
  Selah Society)
  The Opposition Parties
  Ittihad ve Terakki Firkasi (Union and Progress Party)
  Teceddiid Firkasi (Renewal Party)
  Hiirriyetpei-ver Avam Firkasi (Progressive Peoples' Party)
  Milli Kongre (National Congress)
  Wilson Prensipleri Dernegi (Society for Wilsonian Principles)
  Milli Ahrar Firkasi (National Liberal Party)
  Sosyal Demokrat Firkasi (Social Democratic Party)
  Tiirkiye Sosyalist Firkasi (Socialist Party of Turkey)
  Tiirkiye Isci ve Ciftci Firkasi (Workers and Peasants Party of
  Turkey)
  Vahdet-i Milliye Heyeti (National Unity Committee)
  Ottoman Istanbul and Anatolia during the Allied Occupation
  The Refugee Problem
  Shortages of Food and Fuel
  Famine and Disease
  Fires
  Public Assistance and Remedies
  Resettlement of Refugees and the Resulting Violence
  Financial and Economic Difficulties
  Popular Life in Occupied Istanbul
  Fine Arts and Literature
  The Advancement of Ottoman Women
  Labor Problems, Socialist Activity, and Popular Unrest
  War Crimes Accusations, Investigations, Arrests and Trials
  The Turkish Reaction to the Allied Occupauon in Istanbul
  The Karakol Cemiyeti (Guard Society)
  Popular Protest and Resistance in Istanbul
  Mustafa Kemal prepares to lead a Turkish national resistance
  
  PART 2: TURKISH RESISTANCE TO ALLIED OCCUPATION 1918-1920
  CHAPTER 6. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: EFFORTS TO
  PARTITION THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
  Conflicting Claims in Eastern Anatolia
  Armenian claims
  Kurdish claims
  Conflicting Claims in Western Anatolia
  Greek claims
  Italian claims
  Russian claims
  British claims
  Allied Discussions and Proposals and Ottoman Responses
  The King-Crane Commission
  The Harbord Commission
  The First London Conference
  CHAPTER 7. OCCUPATION AND INVASION
  The Greek Invasion and Turkish Resistance in Thrace
  The Greek Invasion of Izmir and Western Anatolia
  Greek Preparations and Plotting: The Propaganda of Hysteria
  The Turkish Reaction
  Preparations for Invasion
  The Allied Decision
  The Greek Invasion
  Greek Atrocities and Allied Condemnation
  Expansion of the Greek Occupation Zone
  Greek Government in Izmir
  Greek Efforts to Create a Pontus State in Northern Anatolia
  The French Occupation of Zonguldak and the Black Sea Coast
  The Italian Occupation of South Central Anatolia
  The Turkish Resistance
  Protest Meetings
  Assembly of the Sultanate
  Turkish Armed Resistance: Defense of Rights Societies and the
  Turkish National Forces
  
  CHAPTER 8. UNIFICATION OF THE TURKISH NATIONAL RESISTANCE
  Mustafa Kemal takes the Lead
  The Amasya Circular
  The Erzurum Congress, July 23-August 7, 1919
  The Sivas Congress, September 4-September 11, 1919
  Aftermath of the Sivas Congress
  Turkish Opposition to the Turkish Nationalists
  The Ahmed Anzavur Revolts
  The Kurdish Dilemma
  CHAPTER 9. FROM ISTANBUL TO ANKARA: EMERGENCE OF THE NEW
  TURKEY
  The Ali Riza Government in Istanbul
  Efforts to Reconcile Istanbul and die Kemalists: The Amasya Conference
  and its Aftermam
  The Ottoman Parliamentary Elecdons of 1919
  Emergence of die Ankara Government
  The Last Ottoman Chamber of Deputies meets in Istanbul
  The Second Allied Occupation of Istanbul
  Support for the Turks from India and England
  Damad Ferid Pa§a and the Last Ottoman Parliament
  CHAPTER 10. THE FRENCli OCCUPATION OF SOUTHEASTERN
  ANATOLIA:
  The Initial British occupation of Cilicia
  The French Occupation
  The Armenian Legion
  Turkish Militias in Southeastern Anatolia: The Turkish Resistance
  The Siege of Maras,
  Turkish-French Negotiations
  CHAPTER 11. THE RUSSIAN ALLIANCE, BOLSHEVISM AND THE
  SOUTHERN CAUCASUS
  Conflict in Northeastern Anatolia
  Turkish Resistance at Trabzon
  Initial Relations with the Russian Bolsheviks: War and Peace in die
  Caucasus
  Enver Pa§a Joins the Bolsheviks
  The Bolsheviks and Islam
  The Rise of Mustafa Suphi
  
  
  VOLUME 3: FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR FOR LIBERATION, 1920-1922-PART 1
  CHAPTER 12. THE TURKISH REVOLUTION
  Creation of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara
  The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1920-1923
  The Cabinet and the Executive
  The National Army and Ministry of National Defense
  Justice and Security
  The Independence Courts
  Restrictions on Individual Freedoms
  Economic and Financial Policies
  Agriculture
  Social Programs
  Education
  Care for Refugees
  Health
  Labor
  Conservatism in Ankara
  Intelligence Services
  The Hamza / Fellah Group
  The National Defen